This assessment of social security coverage in Sri Lanka examines the current status of population coverage with social security including adequacy of benefits, identifies key gaps in that coverage and barriers to extending coverage, and outlines key issues for the future development of social security in the country. Of the various dimensions of social security coverage, the largest gaps in coverage concern unemployment insurance and old-age security. In the area of health, recent findings confirm that Sri Lanka's tax-funded health care system already provides a high degree of risk protection at a level substantially better than most comparable Asian developing countries. The paper focuses on issues related to old-age income security.