Between April 2006 and March 2007, several DS Divisions in the Batticaloa District were severely affected by re-emerging conflict. The increasing conflict resulted in extensive damage to houses, road networks, other community and social infrastructure, huge loss of livelihoods and widespread displacement in the affected DS Divisions. Following resettlement initiatives, owing to widespread livelihood issues, the International Labour Organization was tasked by a joint US mission in April 2008 to undertake livelihood gap assessments in five of the affected divisions. This was carried out to ensure that the assistance, planned and provided, was needs based and identified in a consultative manner with the affected populations as well as the Divisional Secretaries. The assessments carried out are presented in this volume.